2023. no 1. Alan Fisher

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2023.1.33-86 Скачать статью
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The Crimean Tatars*

Alan Fisher

Abstract. This work is a translation from English of the second part of the scientific work of Alan Fisher, the famous historian, professor at Michigan State University, USA. His work The Crimean Tatars was published in 1978 in the USA. In the second part of the book, the author considers the following issues: 1. Reorganization of Crimea; 2. Catherine II and Islam; 3. Administrative structure; 4. Tatar nobility; 5. Crimean clergy; 6. Tatar emigration; 7. Russian colonization; 8. Russian administration of Crimea in the 19th century; 9. Administrative structure organization; 10. Tatar mirza class; 11. Tatar land ownership; 12. Military service of the Tatars; 13. Cities of the Crimea 14. Tatar peasants. 15. Crimean Tatar national awakening; 16. Destruction of Tatar architecture; 17. Russia and Crimean Islam; 18. Education; 19. Gaspraly (I. Gasprinsky); 20. Gaspraly’s followers; 21. Young Tatars. In general, the second part of the work considers the Russian period of stay of the Crimea.

Keywords: Crimean Tatars, emigration, colonization, Jadidism, Young Tatars

For citation: Alan Fisher. The Crimean Tatars (3). Trans. from English by Seytkhalilova L., Alieva A. Krymskoe Istoricheskoe Obozrenie = Crimean Historical Review. 2023, no. 1, pp. 33–86. DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.33-86 (In Russian)

REFERENCES

8. Reorganization of the Crimea

4. P.S.Z., series I, vol. 19, no. 13,996 (1773), pp. 775–76.

5. Cafer Seidahmet, La Crimee: Passe Present (Lausanne. 1921). p. 39; see also M. RaefT. “The Style of Russia’s Imperial Policy,” pp. 1–52. for an excellent analysis of Russian motives underlying its imperial regime in the south.

6. E.I. Druzhinina. Severnoe prichernomor’e v 1775–1800 gg. (Moscow, 1959).

7. F.F. Lashkov. “Statistichiskiia svedeniia o Kryme, soobshchennyia kaimakamami v 1783 godu,” ZOOID 14 (1886), pp. 91–93; PS.Z., series I. vol. 22 nos. 15.924. 15.925. 15.975. 15.988. 15.989. 16.081. 16.531 (the edicts creating all of the new Crimean institutions).

8. Lashkov. “Statisticheskiia svedeniia…”, pp. 92–93.

9. Ibid., pp. 94–98. includes lists of empty towns or portions thereof; F.F. Lashkov. “K voprosu o kolichestve naseleniia Tavricheskoi gubernii v nachale XIX stolctiia.” ITUAK 53 (1916), pp. 158–76.

10. P.S.Z., series I, vol. 12. no. 15.936 (February 22. 1784), p. 51.

11. “Rasporiazheniia Potemkina-Tavricheskago”. X ZOOID 12 (1881). p. 304.

12. Raef T., p. 14.

13. Raef T., p. 15.

14. Druzhinina. Severnoe prichernomor’e v 1775–1800gg. (Moscow, 1959) p. 97; Lemercier-Quelquejay, “The Crimean Tatars.” p. 17; Nadinskii, Ocherki. vol. I, p. 103.

15. Raef T, p. 15.

16. I.F. Aleksandrov, “O musul’manskom dukhovenstve”. ITUAK 51 (1914), pp. 207–20. There was one instance of a contrary policy being followed, namely the conversion of a mosque in Sudak to a church. See Seidahmet La Crimee. p. 39.

17. Raef T., pp. 13–14.

18. Lemercier-Quelquejay. “The Crimean Tatars”, p. 18; Druzhinina, Severnoe, pp. 118–119.

19. Lemercier-Quelquejay. “The Crimean Tatars,” p. 18, gives these high figures saying it left in the Crimea only” 60,000–70,000 Tatars… living in the stricken countryside.” See Fisher, Russian Annexation, pp. 145–46 for counter-arguments. Since she says that, in 1804, there were 120,000 Tatars in the Crimea and the exodus had continued, the earlier figures seem defective.

20. Druzhinina, Severnoe, p. 119; Arsenii I. Markevich, “Pereseleniia krymskikh latar v Turtsiiu,” Izvestlia AN SSSR, series 7 no. 4 (1928), pp. 375–405.

21. Nadinskii. Ocherki, vol. I, p. 100.

22. Lemercier-Quelquejay, “The Crimean Tatars,” p. 17; Nadinskii. Ocherki, vol. 1, pp. 100–101; RaeflT, p. 15.

23. Pallas, vol. 2, pp. 343–44.

9. Russian Administration of the Crimea in the Nineteenth Century

  1. Nadinskii. Ocherki. vol. I. p. 168.
  2. P.S.Z., series I, vol. 22, no. 15,920. on the formation of Tavricheskaia oblast’. 1784.
  3. RaeflT. passim; Nadinskii. Ocherki, vol. 1, p. 96.
  4. P.S.Z., series 1, vol. 24, no. 17,634; Nadinskii. Ocherki, vol. I. p. 96; Druzhinina. luzhnaia, p. 174.
  5. P.S.Z., series 1, vol. 27, no. 20,449; ibid., series 2, vol. 13, no. 11.080; ibid., series 3, vol. 4, no. 2077.
  6. V. P. Laskovskii, “Praviteli Tavridy”, ITUAK, vol. 35 (1903), pp. 24–26. From the re-creation of Tavricheskaia guberniia in 1802, the governors were: Grigorii Miloradovich (1802–1803); Dimitrii Mertvago (1803–1807); Andrei Borozdin (1807–1816); Andrei Lavinskii (1816–1819); Andrei Baranov (1819–1821); Nikolai Perovskii (1822–1823); Dimitrii Naryshkin (1823–1829); Aleksandr Kaznacheev (1829–1837); Matvei Muromtsov (1837–1843); Viktor Roslavcts (1843–1845); Vladimir Pestel’ (1845–1854); Count Nikolai Adlerberg (1854–1856); Grigorii Zhukovskii (1856–1871); Andrei Reitem (1871–1873); Aleksandr Kavelin (1873–1881); Andrei Vsevolozhskii (1881–1889); Petr Lazarev (1889–1901); Vladimir Trepov (1902–1903).
  7. Cafer Seidahmet, La Crimee, p. 51.
  8. P.S.Z., series 1, vol. 27, no. 20,449, p. 290.
  9. The following decrees concern administrative reorganization in the Crimea: P.S.Z., series 1. vol. 27, no. 20,643; ibid., series 3, vol. 11, no. 8115; vol. 12. no. 8539; and vol. 14, no. 11.033. Translators are discussed in: ibid., series 1, vol. 27, no. 20,449 (section 16); ibid., series 2. vol 30, no. 28.947 and vol. 34, no. 35.102.
  10. P.S.Z., series 3, vol. 12, no. 8741.
  11. Ibid., series 1, vol. 22, no. 16,557; vol. 31, no. 24,610; ibid., series 3, vol. 16. no. 13,589 and vol. 12, no. 8741.
  12. “We learn that some officials are seizing harvests from Tatars without legal justification.” P.S.Z., series 1. vol. 33. no. 26, 254.
  13. Lashkovskii, passim.
  14. P.S.Z., series 1, vol. 23, no. 17 265.
  15. Ibid., vol. 27. nos. 20,270 and 20,276, which created the commission; vol. 28, no. 21,275; vol. 29, nos. 22,002 and 22,203 repeated the earlier tasks; vol. 30. no. 23,325, created the St. Petersburg committee; voL 31, no. 24,349, closed the commission.
  16. F.F. Lashkov, ”Sbomik dokumentov po istorii krymsko-tatarskago zemlevladeniia”, ITUAK, 26 (1897), pp. 28–29, 90–102.
  17. Lashkov, “Arkhivnyia dannyia,” pp. 96–110.
  18. Lashkov, “Sbornik dokumentov.’ pp. 24–154, lists and discusses all known Crimean Tatars who had become military or bureaucratic officials with the rank of dvorianstvo by 1808.
  19. P.S.Z., series 2, vol. 10, no. 8676.
  20. Ibid., vol. 14. no. 12,419.
  21. Ibid., vol. 15, no. 13,304.
  22. Ibid., vol. 4, nos. 2617 and 2808; vol. 5, no. 3761.
  23. Izmail Muftizade, “Ochcrk voennoi sluzhby krymskikh tatars 1783 po 1889 god”, ITUAK 30(1899), pp. 1–2.
  24. Muftizade, pp. 3–6; G.K. Kirpenko. Ordera Kniazia Platona A. Zubova, ITUAK 26 (1897), pp. 1–10.
  25. Muftizade, pp. 6–13; G.S. Gabaev. “Zakonodatel’nye akty i drugie dokumenty o voennoi sluzhbe krymskikh tatar”. ITUAK51 (1914), pp. 137–39; P.S.Z., series 1, vol. 30, nos. 22,772 and 23.778.
  26. Muftizade, pp. 10–17; P.S.Z., series 2, vol. 12, no. 10,862.
  27. Arsenii Markevich. “Tavricheskaia guberniia vo vremia krymskoi voiny”, ITUAK 37 (1905), pp. 6–8.
  28. P.S.Z., series 2, vol. 38, no. 39.667; Muftizade, pp. 17–18.
  29. Lashkov, “K voprosu.” p. 160, for eighteenth-century figures. Mordvinov, “Mnenie Mordvinova otnositel’no kryma,” Arkhiv grafov Mordvinovykh 3 (St. Petersburg, 1902), p. 195, does not hint at such numbers however, and Ottoman sources are silent on the for the 30, 000 figure. P.S.Z., series 1, vol. 23, no. 17,265. Which discusses vacated Tatar lands, does not hint in such numbers however, and Ottoman sources are silent in this matter.
  30. Mark Pinson. “Russian Policy and the Emigration of the Crimean Tatars,” Guney-Doğu Avrupa Araştjirmalari Dergisi I (1972), pp. 37–38.
  31. Lemercier-Quelquejay, “The Crimean Tatars,” p. 19.
  32. Pinson, p. 47.
  33. Lemercier-Quelquejay. “The Crimean Tatars,” p. 19; Pinson, pp. 50 55; P.S.Z., series 2, vol. 36, nos. 35.063 and 35,126 on Tatar passports and empty lands.
  34. Pinson, p. 49.
  35. Seymour, p. 247, says in 1854 that “under Russian dominion. Kaffa has sunk again in size… It has more than 4500 inhabitants.” He describes Karasu Bazaar (p. 241), as “reserved for the Tatars”. It retains strictly oriental character. On Bahçesaray, he says (1971) Like Karasu Bazaar, Bahçesaray keeps on much of its eastrern character.” On pp. 34–35 he writes: “Simferopol’s streets are enormously wide. The houses in the rich part are built in a bad kind of bastard Italian style… The town has a population of 8000 souls of whom 5000 are Tatars”.
  36. Baron von Haxthausen, The Russian Empire: Its People, Institutions, and Resources (London. 1856). vol. 2, pp. 127–28.
  37. P.S.Z., series 3. vol. 11, no. 7826. The lists of these police commands are found in the section of tables at the end of the volume. For other edicts on town government in the Crimea, see P.S.Z., series 1, vol. 20, no. 14.252; vol. 23. no. 17,348; vol. 29. no. 22,101; vol. 39, no. 29.733; vol. 40. no. 30.486; ibid., series 2. vol. 12, no. 11,684; vol. 14, no. 12.284; vol. 27, no. 26,822; vol. 31, no. 30.759; vol. 36, nos. 36.571 and 37,569. For Bahçesaray, sec ibid., scries 1. vol. 27, no. 20.449, and vol. 39, no. 29,983.
  38. Druzhinina, Iuzhnaia, p. 70; Haxthausen, vol. 2, p. 125.
  39. Druzhinina, Iuzhnaia. p. 236.
  40. P.S.Z., series 2, vol. 8, nos. 5994 and 6373.
  41. Pinson, pp. 40–41; P.S.Z., scries 2, vol. 31, no. 30,152 (removal of shore inhabitants).
  42. P.S.Z., sеries 2, vol. 36, no. 32,526a.; 36,571,37,514. and 37,731.
  43. Sumarokov, Dosugi Krymskago Sud’i, vol. 1, p. 158; S.D. Shiriaev, “Pomeshchich’ia kolonizatsiia i russkie usad’by v Krymu,” Krym 2. no. 4. (1927), pp. 169–86; RaefT, pp. 1–52.
  44. A. Skal’kovskii. Khronologicheskoe obozrenie istorii novorossiiskogo kraia 1730–1823 (Odessa. 1836). vol. I. p. 221.
  45. Nadinskii. Ocherki. vol. I. p. 105; Druzhinina. Severnoe, pp. 123–24. 129; Druzhinina. luzhnaia, pp. 240–41: P.S.Z.. series I. vol. 27. no. 20.988; vol. 25. no. 19229: vol. 28. no. 23229.
  46. Sumarokov. Dasugi Krimskago Sud`i. vol. I., p. 158: an extreme position is presented in Vardges A. Mikaelian. Na knmskoi zemle (Erevan. 1974). p. 139. who states that the “removal of the Turkish and Tatar yoke in the Crimea made it possible for “the peoples living there” to practice their own culture.
  47. Johann H. Schnitzler. Description de la Crimee. (Paris. 1855) p. 67.
  48. P.S.Z., series 2, vol. 35, no. 36.297: vol. 37. nos. 37.859 and 38307.
  49. P.S.Z., series 2, vol. 51, no. 56.221: ibid., series 3. vol. 13. no. 9877; vol. 14, no. 10.933.

10. The Crimean Tatar National Awakening

  1. Haxthausen. vol. 2. p. 99: Druzhinina. Severnoe. p. 139.
  2. Edward D. Clarke. Travels to Russia, Tartare. and Turkey (New York. 1970), pp. 359–60. 368. 465.
  3. Ernest J. Simmons. Pushkin (Cambridge, Mass.. 1937). p. 116.
  4. Seymour, pp. 248–49. 251.
  5. Nadinskii. Ocherki. vol. I, pp. 97. 119. 123.
  6. P.S.Z., series 1, vol. 22, no. 15.708; I.F. Aleksandrov. “O musul’manskom dukho-venstve.” pp. 211–12.
  7. Aleksandrov, pp. 212–13.
  8. P.S.Z., series 2, vol. 6, no. 5033.
  9. Ibid., vol. 7, no. 5770; vol. 8. no. 6591; vol. 9. no. 6774; vol. 14. no. 12.622; vol. 30. no. 29.903; ibid., series 3, vol. 11, no. 7754. Figure for 1910 in Edige Kirimal. Der nationale Kampf der Krimtiirken (Emsdelten. 1952). p. 15.
  10. Arsenii I. Markevich. “Nachal’naia stranitsa istorii Simfcropolskoi gimnazii,” ITU A K 50 (1913), pp. 236–40.
  11. P.S.Z., sеries 2, vol. 5, no. 4167.
  12. Demidoff, pp. 80. 185.
  13. P.S.Z., series 2, vol. 34, nos. 34.147 and 34,647; B. Veselovskii Istoriia zenistva za sorok let (St Petersburg. 1909), vol. I, pp. 718–723. In Simferopol’ district the number of schools increased from 4 to 20; in Evpatoriia there were 10, in Perekop 11; in lalta district 13. and Feodosiia 28. By contrast, in those districts whose population was not primarily Tatar, the number of schools was much higher Berdiansk. 151; Dneprovsk, 66; and Melitopol. 112.
  14. Veselovskii, Istoriia zemstva. vol. I, pp. 634–39, 680, 695; see Sbornik po shkolnol statistike tavricheskoi gubemii. no. 2 (Simferopol’. 1903) for figures on Tatar “national” schools funded in Urge part from revenues collected by the local zemstvos.
  15. Veselovskii. Istoriia zemstva. vol. I. p. 695.
  16. Serge Zenkovsky, Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), pp. 24–25; B. Spuler, The Muslim World, vol. 2, p. 92.
  17. The most complete biographical account of Gaspirali is found in Cafcr Seidahmet, Gaspirall Ismail Bey: Dilde, Fikirde. Işte Birlik (Istanbul. 1934). His early life is briefly discussed in Charles W. Hostler, Turkism and the Soviets (London, 1957), pp. 123–24. His ideas are most clearly presented in Edward Lazzerini, “Ismail Bey Gasprinskii and Muslim Modernism in Russia,” (Ph.D. dissertation. University of Washington, 1973). and in his article “Gadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: a View from Within,” Cahiers (April-June 1975), pp. 245–77.
  18. Hostler. p. 124; Lemercier-Quelquejay. “The Crimean Tatars.” p. 20.
  19. Isabelle Kreindler. “Educational Policies Toward the Eastern Nationalities in Tsarist Russia: a Study of ll’minskii’s System.” (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1969), pp. 84–85.
  20. Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire 1801–1917 (Oxford. 1967),
    pp. 502–3: Zeki Veledi Toğan. Bügüinkü Türkili (Istanbul, 1947). p. 551, quoted in Hostler, pp. 105 6.
  21. Cited in Lazzerini. “Ismail Bey Gasprinskii,” p. 17.
  22. A. Bennigsen and Chantal Lemcrcier-Quclquejay. Lapresse et 1e mouvement nationalchez: les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris, 1964), pp. 35–40.
  23. Gerhard von Mende. Der nationale Kampf der Russlandtürken (Berlin, 1936), p. 216.
  24. Zenkovsky. p. 35.
  25. Bennigsen and Lemcrcier-Quclquejay. Presse, pp. 40–41: Edige Kirimal. “The Crimean Tatars.” Studies on the Soviet Union (new series, 1970). vol. 10. no. I. p. 77.
  26. Zenkovsky, pp. 33–34; Bennigsen, Islam, p. 41.
  27. Hostler, pp. 133–34; Seton-Watson, p. 612; Zenkovsky, pp. 41–42; Kirimal, Der nationale, pp. 17–18.
  28. M. Szeftel, “The Reform of the Electoral Law to the State Duma on June 3, 1907,” Liber Memoralis Georges de Lagarde (London. 1968), p. 33 L
  29. Bennigsen and Lemcrcier-Quelquejay. Presse, pp. 138–39.
  30. Kirimal. Der nationale, pp. 19–20.
  31. Bennigsen and Lemcrcicr-Quelquejay. Presse. p. 141.
  32. Ibid.; Arslan Krichinskii. Ocherki russkoi politiki na okrainakh, pl. I, “K islorii rcligioznykh pritesnenii krymskikh talar,” (Baku. 1919), pp. 234–35.
  33. Krichinskii. Ocherki, pp. 234 35.
  34. Bennigsen and Lemercier-Quelquejay. Presse, p. 142.
  35. Kirimal, “The Crimean Tatars,” p. 78.
  36. G. E. von Grunebaum, “Problems of Muslim Nationalism,” in Richard Frye. Islam and the West (Gravenhage, 1957), p. 25.

About the author: Alan W. Fisher – Associate Professor of history, Michigan State University (East Lansing, Michigan, USA). Professor Fisher has received several grants for study abroad. He was given support by the American Research Institute in 1969 and 1976 as well as the ACLS for research in Turkey during 1976–1977. His work The Crimean Tatars is the first in the series of volumes that examine the history and development of nonRussian nationalities in the Soviet Union. Professor Fisher examines the history of the Crimean Tatars from the mid-fourteenth century to the present, making use of primary source materials in several European languages, including Russian, as well as the Crimean and Turkish languages.

About the translators: Leylya S. Seyitkhalilova –  research laboratory assistant of the Crimean Scientific Center, Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (420111, Baturin Str.,7A, Kazan, Russian Federation); lilya_crimea@mail.ru
Arzy Yu. Alieva – freelance employee of the Crimean Scientific Center, Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (420111, Baturin Str., 7A, Kazan, Russian Federation); alieva.arzy1985@gmail.com

* Translation from English by L.S. Seythalilova, A.Yu. Alieva. Translation is based on publication: Fisher, Alan W. The Crimean Tatars. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1978. Continuation. See the beginning in: Alan Fisher. The Crimean Tatars. Trans. from English by Seytkhalilova L., Alieva A. Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie=Crimean Historical Review. 2022, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 58–114. DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.1.58-114 (In Russian); 2022, vol.9. no. 2, pp. 99–128. DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.2.99-128 (In Russian)

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