2019, no.2. Vadim Trepavlov

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2019.2.108-125 Скачать статью
1,217

Steppe shield of the Yurt: formation of the Noghay population of the Crimean Khanate
(the 16th – the 1st half of the 17th century)

Vadim Trepavlov

(Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Center of History of the Peoples of Russia and Interethnic Relations)

Abstract. Since the beginning of the 16th century there was a constant replenishment of the Noghay population of the Crimean Khanate. This was a consequence of both: the forcible drive of the Noghays by the Crimeans as a result of military victories over them, and voluntary resettlements from beyond the Volga into the Yurt. The reasons for such migrations were salvation from enemy invasions (Kazakhs in the 1510s and Kalmyks in the 1620-30s), as well as the desire to find nomad pastures for a more comfortable and safe living outside the Noghay Horde–mainly during periods when it was engulfed in internecine strife, and its population suffered from hunger and ruin. The rulers of the Crimea willingly accepted and placed ordinary people in their possessions, but were wary of representatives of the Noghay elite. This was due to the inveterate feud between the Crimean and Trans-Volga Mangyts, which began in the middle of the 15th century. During the 16th century the Nogai population of the Crimean Khanate greatly increased and formed the backbone of the powerful clan of Mansur-uly. Settling mainly in the steppes north of the Crimea itself, it represented a significant military force (for the most part loyal to the Girays) and obscured the peninsula from external attacks. At the same time, among the Crimean Noghays, from time to time there arose a mood of dissatisfaction with the policies of Bagchesrai towards them, a desire to transfer to Ottoman citizenship.

Keywords: Crimean Khanate, Noghay Horde, Mangyts, Mansur-uly, Beys, Mirzas, migrations

For citation:  Trepavlov V. V. Steppe shield of the Yurt: formation of the Noghay population of the Crimean Khanate  (the 16th – the 1st half of the 17th century). Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie=Crimean Historical Review. 2019, no. 2, pp. 108–125.  DOI: 10.22378/kio.2019.2.108-125

REFERENCES

  1. Akty vremeni Lzhedmitriya I-go (1603–1606 gg.) [Acts of the Time of Lzhedmitry I (1603–1606)]. Ed. by N.V. Rozhdestvensky. Moscow, Imperial of Russian History and Antiquities Publ., 1918. 334 p.
  2. Bronevsky M. Opisanie Kryma (Tartariae Descriptio) [Description of the Crimea (Tartariae Descriptio)]. Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey [Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities], 1867, vol. 6, pp. 333–367.
  3. Vel’yaminov-Zernov V. V. Issledovanie o kasimovskikh tsaryakh i tsarevichakh [Research on Kasimov Tsars and Tsareviches]. Pt. 2. Saint-Petersburg, Printing House of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1864. 498 p.
  4. Gribovsky V. V. Upravlenie nogaytsami Severnogo Prichernomor’ya v Krymskom khanstve (40–60-e gody XVIII v.) [Management of Noghays of the Northern Black Sea Area in the Crimean Khanate (40–60-ies of the 18th Century)]. Tyurkologichesky sbornik. 2007–2008. Istoriya i kul’tura tyurkskikh narodov Rossii i sopredel’nykh stran [Turkological collection. 2007–2008. History and Culture of the Turkic Peoples of Russia and Neighboring Countries]. Ed. by S. G. Klyashtorny e. a. Moscow, Vostochnaya Literatura Publ. House, 2009, pp. 67–97.
  5. D’Askoli E. D. Opisanie Chernogo morya i Tatarii [Description of the Black Sea and the Tataria]. Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey [Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities], 1902, vol. 24, pp. 89–180.
  6. Kniga, glagolemaya Letopisets Fedora Nikiticha Normantskogo [Book named The Chronicle of Fedor Nikitich Normantsky]. Vremennik Moskovskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey rossiyskikh [Annals of Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities], 1850, vol. 5, pp. 19–148. 
  7. Kurat A. N. Sobranie sochineniy. Kniga 2. Tyurkskie plemena i gosudarstva v Povolzh’e i Severnom Prichernomor’e v IV–XVIII vv. [Collection of Works. Book 2. Turkic Tribes and States in Volga and Northern Black Sea Region in 4th–18th Centuries] Kazan’, Sh. Marjani Institute of History, 2015. 416 p.
  8. Kyrymi Abdulgaffar. Umdet al-ahbar. Kniga 2. Perevod [Umdet al-ahbar. Book 2. Translation]. Transl. by Yu.N. Karimova, I.M. Mirgaleev. Ed. by I.M. Mirgaleev. Kazan’, Sh. Marjani Institute of History, 2018. 200 p.
  9. Lashkov F. F. Istorichesky ocherk krymsko-tatarskogo zemlevladeniya [Historical Essay of  the Crimean-Tatar Landownership]. Simferopol’, Tavric Province Printing House, 1897. 326 p.
  10. Lashkov F.F. Pamyatniki diplomaticheskikh snosheniy Krymskogo khanstva s Mos-kovskim gosudarstvom v XVI i XVII vv. [Monuments of Diplomatic Relations of the Crimean Khanate with the Moscovite State in the 16th and 17th centuries]. Simferopol’, Printing House of the Newspaper “Krym”, 1891. 215 p.
  11. Letopisets russky [Russian Chronicle]. Publ. by A.N. Lebedev. Chteniya v Obshchestve istorii i drevnostey rossiyskikh [Readings in the Society of Russian History and Antiquities]. 1895, vol. 3, pp. I–IV, 1–190 (separate pagination).
  12. [Lyuk Zh. H.] Opisanie perekopskikh i nogayskikh tatar, cherkesov, mingrelov i gruzin Zhana de Lyuka, monakha dominikanskogo ordena (1625) [Description of the Trans-Perekop and Nogai Tatars, Circassians, Mingrels and Giorgians by Jean de Luke, Monk of the Dominican Order (1625)]. Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey [Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities], 1879, vol. 11, pp. 473–493.
  13. Marjani Sh. Mөstәfadel-әhbar fi әhvali Kazan vә Bolgar (Kazan hәm bolgar hәllәre turynda fajdalanylgan hәbәrlәr). Kazan’, Tatar Book Publ. House, 1989. 415 p.
  14. Materialy dlya istorii Krymskogo khanstva [Materials for the History of the Crimean Khanate]. Publ. by V.V. Vel’yaminov-Zernov. Saint-Petersburg, Printing House of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1864. 950 p.
  15. Negri A. Izvlechenie iz turetskoy rukopisi Obshchestva, soderzhashchey istoriyu krymskikh khanov [Extract from the Turkish Manuscript of the Society, Containing the History of the Crimean Khans] Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey [Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities], 1844, vol. 1, pp. 379–392.
  16. Novosel’sky A.A. Bor’ba Moskovskogo gosudarstva s tatarami v pervoy polovine XVII v. [Struggle of  Moscovite State with Tatars in the 1st half of the 17th century] Moscow, Leningrad, Academy of Sciences of  the USSR Publ. House, 1948. 447 p.
  17. Novosel’sky A.A. Issledovaniya po istorii epokhi feodalizma (nauchnoe nasledie) [Researches on the History of the Feudalism Era (Scientific Heritage)]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. House, 1994. 223 p.
  18. Peyssonnel, S. K. de. Note on Little Tartary. Transl. by V. Lotoshnikova. Kiev, S. p, 2009. 110 p.
  19. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles]. Vol. 13. Letopisny sbornik, imenuemy Patriarshey ili Nikonovskoy letopis’yu [Chronicle Collection Called Patriarch or Nikon Chronicle]. Pt. 1. Ed. by S. F. Platonov & S. A. Adrianov. Saint-Petersburg, I. N. Skorokhodov’s Printing House, 1904. 302 p.
  20. Posol’skaya kniga po svyazyam Moskovskogo gosudarstva s Krymom. 1571–1577 gg. [Embassy Book on Relations of the Moscovite State with the Crimea. 1571–1577]. Ed. by I. V. Zaytsev. Moscow, Marjani Printing House, 2016. 400 p.
  21. Posol’skie knigi po svyazyam Rossii s Nogajskoj Ordoj. 1551–1561 gg. / sost. D.A. Mustafina, V. V. Trepavlov. Kazan’: Tatar. kn. izd-vo, 2006. 391 s.
  22. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 123. Snosheniya Rossii s Krymom [Russia’s Relations with the Crimea]. List 1. Dos. 9.
  23. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 123. Snosheniya Rossii s Krymom [Russia’s Relations with the Crimea]. List 1. Dos. 15.
  24. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 123. Snosheniya Rossii s Krymom [Russia’s Relations with the Crimea]. List 1. Dos. 17.
  25. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 123. Snosheniya Rossii s Krymom [Russia’s Relations with the Crimea]. List 1. 1629. Dos. 14.
  26. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 123. Snosheniya Rossii s Krymom [Russia’s Relations with the Crimea]. List 1. 1630. Dos. 17.
  27. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 123. Snosheniya Rossii s Krymom [Russia’s Relations with the Crimea]. List. 1. 1633. Dos. 24.
  28. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 123. Snosheniya Rossii s Krymom [Russia’s Relations with the Crimea]. List. 1. 1638. Dos. 1.
  29. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 123. Snosheniya Rossii s Krymom [Russia’s Relations with the Crimea]. List 2. Dos. 3.
  30. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 127. Snosheniya Rossii s nogajskimi tatarami [Russia’s Relations with the Nogai Tatars]. List 1. 1627. Dos. 1.
  31. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts.Stock 127. Snosheniya Rossii s nogajskimi tatarami [Russia’s Relations with the Nogai Tatars]. List 1. 1633. Dos. 1.
  32. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 127. Snosheniya Rossii s nogajskimi tatarami [Russia’s Relations with the Nogai Tatars]. List 1. 1635. Dos. 1.
  33. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 127. Snosheniya Rossii s nogajskimi tatarami [Russia’s Relations with the Nogai Tatars]. List 1. 1635. Dos. 3.
  34. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 127. Snosheniya Rossii s nogajskimi tatarami [Russia’s Relations with the Nogai Tatars]. List 1. 1637. Dos. 3.
  35. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Stock 127. Snosheniya Rossii s nogajskimi tatarami [Russia’s Relations with the Nogai Tatars]. List 1. 1639. Dos. 1.
  36. Savelov L. M. Iz istorii snosheniy Moskvy s Krymom pri tsare Mikhaile Fedoroviche: Posol’stvo S.I. Tarbeeva v Krym, 1626–1628 gg. [From the History of the Intercourses of Moscow with the Crimea during the Reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich: S. I. Tarbeev’s Embassy to the Crimea, 1626–1628]. Simferopol’, Tavric Province Printing House, 1906. 105 p.
  37. Said Muhammed-Riza. Asseb os-seyar, ili Sem’ planet, soderzhashchy istoriyu krymskikh khanov [Asseb os-seyar, or Seven Planets, Containing History of the Crimean Khans]. Publ. by M. Kazembek. Kazan’: S. publ., 1832. 378 p.
  38. Sanin G. A. Otnosheniya Rossii i Ukrainy s Krymskim khanstvom v seredine XVII v. [The Relations of Russia and Ukraine with the Crimean Khanate in the Middle of the 17th century]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. House, 1987. 271 p.
  39. Sbornik Russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva [Collection of Russian Historical Society]. Vol. 95. Pamyatniki diplomaticheskikh snosheniy Moskovskogo gosudarstva s Krymskoyu i Nagayskoyu Ordami i s Turtsiey [Monuments of the Diplomatic Intercourses of the Moscovite State with Crimean and Noghay Hordes and with Turkey]. Vol. 2. 1508–1521. Ed. by G. F. Karpov & G. F. Shtendman. Saint-Petersburg, Yakovlev’s Printing House, 1895. 786 p.
  40. Smirnov V. D. Krymskoe khanstvo pod verkhovenstvom Ottomanskoy Porty do na-chala XVIII v. [The Crimean Khanate under Ottoman Supremacy till the Beginning of the 18th Century]. Saint-Petersburg, University Printing House., 1887. 797 p.
  41. Syroechkovsky V. E. Mukhammed-Geray i ego vassals [Muhammad-Giray and his Vassals]. Uchenye zapiski MGU [Scientific Notes of the Moscow State University]. Iss. 61. Istoriya [History], 1940, vol. 2, pp. 3–71.
  42. Trepavlov V.V. Stepnye imperii Evrazii. Mongoly i tatary [Steppe Empires of Euroasia. Mongols and Tatars]. Moscow, Kvadriga Publ. House, 2015. 368 p.
  43. Tunmann [I. E.]. Krymskoe khanstvo [The Crimean Khanate]. Transl. by N. L. Ernst &S. L. Belyavskaya. Simferopol, Tavria Publ. House, 1991. 96 p.
  44. Utemish-haji. Kara tavarikh. Transl. by I. M. Mirgaleev &, E. G. Sayfetdinova, ed. by I.M. Mirgaleev. Kazan’, Sh. Marjani Institute of History, 2017. 312 p.
  45. Farforovsky S. V. Nogaytsy v russkoy istorii [The Noghays in the Russian History] Russky arkhiv, izdavaemy P. Bartenevym [The Russian Archive Published by P. Bartenev]. Book 2. Moscow, 1914, pp. 76–82.
  46. Khoroshkevich A. L. Rus’ i Krym: Ot soyuza k protivostoyaniyu. Konets XV – nachalo XVI v. [Russia and the Crimea: From Union to Opposition. The End of the 15th – the Beginning of the 16th Century] Moscow, Editorial URSS Publ. House, 2001. 336 p.
  47. Cherenkov L. N. Tavricheskie nogaytsy (posledniy kochevoy narod Prichernomorskoy etnokontaktnoy zony) [The Tavric Noghays (the Last Nomadic People of the Black Sea Ethnocontact Area)]. Etnokontaktnye zony v Evropeyskoy chasti SSSR (geografiya, dinamika, metody izucheniya) [Ethnocontact Zones in the European Part of the USSR (Geography, Dynamics, Studying Methods)]. Ed. by I. I. Krupnik. Moscow, Moskow Branch of the Geographic Society of the USSR, 1989, pp. 44–53.
  48. Evliya Chelebi. Kniga puteshestviya (Izvlecheniya iz sochineniya turetskogo puteshe-stvennika XVII v.) [The Book of a Travel (Extraction from a Work of the Turkish Traveler of the 17th Century)]. Iss. 2. Zemli Severnogo Kavkaza, Povolzh’ya i Podon’ya [The Lands of the Northern Caucasia, Volga and Don Regions]. Ed. by A. D. Zheltyakov. Moscow, Nauka Publ. House, 1979. 288 p.
  49. Yakobson A. L. Krym v srednie veka [The Crimea in the middle ages]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. House, 1973. 174 p.
  50. Bennigsen A., Lemercier-Quelquejay Ch. Le khanat de Crimée au début du XVIe siècle: de la tradition mongole à la suzeraineté ottomane d’après un document inédit des archives ottomans. Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique. 1972, vol. 13, No 3, pp. 322–337.
  51. İnalcık H. The Khan and the Tribal Aristocracy: The Crimean Khanate under Sahib Giray I. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 1980, vol. ¾, pp. 445–466.
  52. Ivanics M. A Krimi Kánság a tizenöt éves háborúban. Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994. 236 p.
  53. Le khanat de Crimée dans les archives du Musée du Palais de Topkapı. Prés. par A. Bennigsen e. a. Paris; Hague, Mouton, 1978. 458 p.
  54. Kolodziejczyk D. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century): a Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. Leiden; Boston, Brill, 2011. 1049 p.
  55. Précis de l’histoire des khans de Crimée, depuis l’an 880 jusqu’a l’an 1198 de l’Hagire. Nouveau journal asiatique, 1833, t. 12, pp. 349–380, 428–458.
  56. Pułaski K. Stosunki z Mendli-Girejem, chanem tatarów perekopskich (1469–1515). Kraków; Warszawa, G. Gebethner i Spółka Gebethner i Wolff, 1881. 451 s.
  57. Russia seu Moscovia, itemque Tartaria commentario topographico atque politico illusratae. Leiden, Ex officina Elzeviriana, 1630. 336 p.
  58. Tarih-i Sahib Giray Han (Histoire de Sahib Giray, khan de Crimée de 1532 à 1551). Publ. par O. Gökbilgin. Ankara, Baylan Matbaası, 1973. 313 p.

About the author: Trepavlov Vadim Vintserovich – Chief Researcher of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Center of History of the Peoples of Russia and Interethnic Relations (117292, Dmitry Ulyanov Str., 19, Moscow, Russian Federation); trepavlov@yandex.ru

1,217
×Close search
Search